extern crate anyhow; extern crate cpal; use cpal::traits::{DeviceTrait, StreamTrait, HostTrait}; fn main() -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> { let host = cpal::default_host(); let device = host.default_output_device().expect("failed to find a default output device"); let format = device.default_output_format()?; let sample_rate = format.sample_rate.0 as f32; let channels = format.channels; let mut sample_clock = 0f32; // Produce a sinusoid of maximum amplitude. let mut next_value = move || { sample_clock = (sample_clock + 1.0) % sample_rate; (sample_clock * 440.0 * 2.0 * 3.141592 / sample_rate).sin() }; let stream = device.build_output_stream(&format, move |data| { match data { cpal::StreamData::Output { buffer: cpal::UnknownTypeOutputBuffer::U16(mut buffer) } => { for sample in buffer.chunks_mut(channels as usize) { let value = ((next_value() * 0.5 + 0.5) * std::u16::MAX as f32) as u16; for out in sample.iter_mut() { *out = value; } } }, cpal::StreamData::Output { buffer: cpal::UnknownTypeOutputBuffer::I16(mut buffer) } => { for sample in buffer.chunks_mut(channels as usize) { let value = (next_value() * std::i16::MAX as f32) as i16; for out in sample.iter_mut() { *out = value; } } }, cpal::StreamData::Output { buffer: cpal::UnknownTypeOutputBuffer::F32(mut buffer) } => { for sample in buffer.chunks_mut(channels as usize) { let value = next_value(); for out in sample.iter_mut() { *out = value; } } }, _ => (), } }, move |err| { eprintln!("an error occurred on stream: {}", err); })?; stream.play()?; std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(1000)); Ok(()) }